C.S.O
Activity

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Datamex Institute of Computer Technology


Computer System Organization

(C.S.O)




San Juan, Rei Xine M.


BSIT-2A


Prof. Sison







“History of computer”



The computer as we know it today had its beginning with a 19th century English mathematics professor name Charles Babbage.
He designed the Analytical Engine and it was this design that the basic framework of the computers of today are based on.

Generally speaking, computers can be classified into three generations. Each generation lasted for a certain period of
time and each gave us either a new and improved computer or an improvement to the existing computer.

First generation: 1937 – 1946 - In 1937 the first electronic digital computer was built by Dr. John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. It was called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). In 1943 an electronic computer name the Colossus was built for the military. Other developments continued until in 1946 the first general– purpose digital computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was built. It is said that this computer weighed 30 tons, and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which was used for processing. When this computer was turned on for the first time lights dim in sections of Philadelphia. Computers of this generation could only perform single task, and they had no operating system.

Second generation: 1947 – 1962 - This generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes which were more reliable. In 1951 the first computer for commercial use was introduced to the public; the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1). In 1953 the International Business Machine (IBM) 650 and 700 series computers made their mark in the computer world. During this generation of computers over 100 computer programming languages were developed, computers had memory and operating systems. Storage media such as tape and disk were in use also were printers for output.

Third generation: 1963 - present - The invention of integrated circuit brought us the third generation of computers. With this invention computers became smaller, more powerful more reliable and they are able to run many different programs at the same time. In1980 Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-Dos) was born and in 1981 IBM introduced the personal computer (PC) for home and office use. Three years later Apple gave us the Macintosh computer with its icon driven interface and the 90s gave us Windows operating system.

As a result of the various improvements to the development of the computer we have seen the computer being used in all areas of life. It is a very useful tool that will continue to experience new development as time passes.





Parts of computer 
INPUT/OUTPUT/STorage/network


input device



graphics tablet (also known as a digitizer,drawing tablet, digital drawing tablet, pentablet, or digital art board) is a computer input device that enables a user to hand-draw images, animations and graphics, with a special pen-like stylus, similar to the way a person draws images with a pencil and paper.






camera is an optical instrument for recording or capturing images, which may be stored locally, transmitted to another location, or both.




Video capture is the process of converting an analog video signal—such as that produced by a video camera or DVD player—to digitalvideo. The resulting digital data are computer files referred to as a digital video stream, or more often, simply video stream.




A trackball is a computer cursor control device used in many notebook and laptop computers. The trackball is usually located in front of the keyboard toward the user. Essentially, the trackball is an upside-down mouse that rotates in place within a socket.




barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an electronic device that can read and output printed barcodes to a computer. Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones.




a video camera that inputs to a computer connected to the Internet, so that its images can be viewed by Internet users.





a handheld controller for video games.





a lever that can be moved in several directions to control the movement of an image on a computer or similar display screen.




A keyboard is the set of typewriter-like keys that enables you to enter data into a computer or other devices. Computer keyboards are similar to electric-typewriters but contain additional typing keys.





an instrument for converting sound waves into electrical energy variations, which may then be amplified, transmitted, or recorded.



MIDI keyboard is typically a piano-style user interface keyboard device used for sending MIDI signals or commands over a USB 

or MIDI cable to other devices connected and operating on the same MIDIprotocol interface.




An electronic whiteboard is a hardware device that is similar to a whiteboard that is found in schools and businesses. It transmits any information written it to a computer or multiple computers. They also allow live interaction with digital objects on the screen.




A digital pen is an input device which captures the handwriting or brush strokes of a user, converts handwritten analog information created using "pen and paper" into digital data, enabling the data to be utilized in various applications.




A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine pages, and similar sources for computer editing and display. Scanners 

come in hand-held, feed-in, and flatbed types and for scanning black-and-white only, or color.




Magnetic tape data storage is a system for storing digital information on magnetic tapeusing digital recording. Modern magnetic tape is most commonly packaged in cartridges and cassettes. The device that performs writing or reading of data is a tape drive.




Magnetic Ink Character Recognition is a character recognitionsystem that uses special ink and characters. When a document that contains this ink needs to be read, it passes through a machine, which magnetizes the ink and then translates the magnetic information intocharactersMICR technology is used by banks.



computer punched card reader or justcomputer card reader is a computer input device used to read executable computerprograms and data from punched cards undercomputer control. A computer card punch is acomputer output device that punches holes incards under computer control.





Optical Mark reading (OMR) is a method of entering data into a computer system. Optical Mark Readers reads pencil or pen marks made in pre-defined positions on paper forms as responses to questions or tick list prompts.



output devices




an instrument or device used for observing, checking, or keeping a continuous record of a process or quantity.




a machine for printing text or pictures onto paper, especially one linked to a computer.





a piece of equipment that marks out points on a chart





an object that is used to project rays of light, especially an apparatus with a system of lenses for projecting slides or film onto a screen.




An LCD projector is a type of video projectorfor displaying video, images or computer data on a screen or other flat surface. It is a modern equivalent of the slide projector or overheadprojector.




Computer output microfilm is the product of copying information from electronic media onto microfilm. COM technology, with a history that dates back to the first patent for microphotography in 1839, has been used for document and newspaper archival since the 1920s.




speaker is a term used to describe the user who is giving vocal commands to a software program. 2. A hardware device connected to a computer's sound card that outputs sound generated by the computer.




Headphones (or head-phones in the early days of telephony and radio) are a pair of small listening devices that are designed to be worn on or around the head over a user's ears. They are electroacoustic transducers, which convert an electrical signal to a corresponding sound in the user's ear.




film recorder is a graphical output device for transferring digital images to photographicfilm. All film recorders typically work in the same manner. The image is fed from a host computer as a raster stream over a digital interface.





a flat piece of film containing microphotographs of the pages of a newspaper, catalog, or other document.



storage devices





a rigid nonremovable magnetic disk with a large data storage capacity.





a small plastic disc on which music or other digital information is stored, and from which the information can be read using reflected laser light.



Also see our Fast Guide to CD/DVD and x (compact disc access time). A compact disc [sometimes spelled disk] (CD) is a small, portable, round medium made of molded polymer (close in size to the floppy disk) for electronically recording, storing, and playing back audio, video, text, and other information in digital form.




tape used in recording sound, pictures, or computer data.





USB flash drive, also known as a USBdrive, USB stickUSB key, USB, and a variety of other names, [a] is a data storage device that includes flash  removable and rewritable, and physically much smaller than an optical disc.



network devices




hub is a small Network Device. A hub joins multiple computers (or other network devices) together to form a single network segment. On this network segment, all computers can communicate directly with each other. Ethernet hubs are by far the most common type, but hubs for other types of networks such as USB also exist. 



Network repeaters regenerate incoming electrical, wireless or optical signals. With physical media like Ethernet or Wi-Fi, data transmissions can only span a limited distance before the quality of the signal degrades. Repeaters attempt to preserve signal integrity and extend the distance over which data can safely travel. 




Network Bridge is networking hardware that connects multiple network segments. A Network Bridge Devicereads the outermost section of data on the data packet, to tell where the message is going .only the outermost hardware address of the packet. 



Network Router is a network device with interfaces in multiple networks whose task is to copy packets from one network to another. Router gives path to data packet to destination. Routers provide connectivity inside enterprises, between enterprises and the Internet, and within an Internet Service Provider (ISP). 





Network Switch 
is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one local area network (LAN). 



CSU/DSU (Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit) is a hardware device about the size of an external modem that converts a digital data frame from the communications technology used on a local area network (LAN) into a frame appropriate to a wide-area network (WAN) and vice versa. 




Network brouter (pronounced BRAU-tuhr or sometimes BEE-rau-tuhr) is a network bridge and a router combined in a single product. A bridge is a device that connects one local area network (LAN) to another local area network that uses the same protocol (for example, Ethernet or token ring). 




Intro to Computer

(Computer System Organization)



Intro to Binary


-562949953421372

- 281474976710656

- 140737488355328

- 70368744177664

- 35184372088832

- 17592186044416

- 8796093022208

- 4398046511104

- 2199023255552

- 1099511627776

- 549755813888

- 274877906944

- 137438953472

- 68719476736

- 34359738368

- 17179869184

- 8589934592

- 4294967296

- 2147483648

- 1073741824

- 536870912

- 268435456

- 134217728

- 67108864

- 33554432

- 16777216

- 8388608

- 4194304

- 2097152

- 1048576

- 524288

- 262144

- 131072

- 65536

- 32768

- 16384

- 8192

- 4096

- 2048

- 1024

- 512

- 256

- 128

- 64

- 32

- 16

- 8

- 4

- 2

- 1

 

 

 



Octal


-1152921504606846976

-144115188075855872

-18014398509481984

-2251799813685248

-281474976710656

-35184372088832

-4398046511104

-549755813888

-68719476736

-8589934592

-1073741824

-134217728

-16777216

-2097152

-262144

-32768

-4096

-512

-64

-8

-0



  1. 1)0011110001


0 - 512

0 - 256

1 - 128

1 - 64

1 - 32

1 - 16

0 - 8

0 - 4

0 - 2

1 – 1

128 + 64 + 32 +16 + 1 = 24110


  1. 2)001010011101101


0 - 16384

0 - 8192

1 - 4096

0 - 2048

1 - 1024

0 - 512

0 - 256

1 - 128

1 - 64

1 - 32

0 - 16

1 - 8

1 - 4

0 - 2

1 – 1

4096 + 1024 + 128 + 64 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 1 = 535110


  1. 3)00100110110001100101


0 - 524288

0 - 262144

1 - 131072

0 - 65536

0 - 32768

1 - 16384

1 - 8192

0 - 4096

1 - 2048

1 - 1024

0 - 512

0 - 256

0 - 128

1 - 64

1 - 32

0 - 16

0 - 8

1 - 4

0 - 2

1 – 1

131072 + 16384 + 8192

2048 + 1024 + 128 + 64 + 32 + 4 + 1 = 15882110


  1. 4)0000110001001100101011100


0 - 16777216

0 - 8388608

0 - 4194304

0 - 2097152

1 - 1048576

1 - 524288

0 - 262144

0 - 131072

0 - 65536

1 - 32768

0 - 16384

0 - 8192

1 - 4096

1 - 2048

0 - 1024

0 - 512

1 - 256

0 - 128

1 - 64

0 - 32

1 - 16

1 - 8

1 - 4

0 - 2

0 – 1

1048576 + 524288 + 32768 + 4096 + 2048 + 256 + 64 + 16 + 8 + 4 = 161212410


  1. 5)0000011110001010001110001


0 - 16777216

0 - 8388608

0 - 4194304

0 - 2097152

0 - 1048576

1 - 524288

1 - 262144

1 - 131072

1 - 65536

0 - 32768

0 - 16384

0 - 8192

1 - 4096

0 - 2048

0 - 1024

0 - 512

0 - 256

0 - 128

1 - 64

1 - 32

1 - 16

0 - 8

0 - 4

0 - 2

1 – 1

524288 + 262144 + 131072 + 65536 + 4096 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 1 = 98827310



Decimal to Binary 10 – 2

210 – 1024

29 – 512

28 – 256

27 – 128

26 – 64

25 – 32

24 – 16

23 – 8

22 – 4

21 - 2



 

 



Binary to Hexa2-16

Binary Hex

0000 0

0001 1

0010 2

0011 3

0100 4

0101 5

0110 6

0111 7

1000 8

1001 9

1010 A

1011 B

1100 C

1101 D

1110 E

1111 F

 

 

 



Add Binary

Carry Over

0 + 0 = 0

0 + 1 = 1

1 + 0 = 1

1 + 1 = 1

Example:

Binary Decimal

1 1 - 1

+ 1 - 1

= 102 - 2

Checking:

2 1

1 0 = 2 10

Binary Decimal

1111 - 3

+ 011 - 3

= 1102 - 6

Checking:

4 2 1

1 1 0 = 6 10

 

 





Battery Sizes



Battery specipication



Size

D

C

AA

                                  AAA

Height

2 ¼

1 ¾

1 7/8

                                  1 3/4



Diameter

1 ¼

1

9/16

                                   3/8



Battery


Lithium

Carbon Zinc (Leclanche)

Carbon zinc (ZincChloride)

Silver Oxide

Alkaline-Manganese

Dioxide

Divalent Silver Oxide

Zinc Air

                                                  Mercury

Primary



Voltage


2.8(also 1.9 and 3.4)

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5



Battery


Lead Acid

Silver Zinc

Nickel Cadmium

Nickel Iron

                  Silver Cadmium

SECONDARY



Voltage


2.1

1.5

1.25

1.2

                                    1.1



Battery Connection


Example 1


VT=Total voltage

VT=Sum of all voltages

IT=Total Current

IT=rated current of each battery(for equal current only)


VT=V1+V2+V3

VT=1.5+1.5+1.5

VT+4.5volts

IT=1 amp


Example 2

VT=Total voltage

VT=Rated voltage of each battery(for equal voltage only)

IT=Total current

IT=Sum of all currents


IT=I1+I2+I3

IT=1+1+1

IT=3 amp




Alternating current (AC), is an electric current in which the flow of electric charge periodically reverses direction, whereas in direct current (DC, also dc), the flow of electric charge is only in one direction. ... The usual waveform of alternating current in most electric power circuits is a sine wave.
Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow ofelectric charge. Direct current is produced by sources such as batteries, power supplies,thermocouples, solar cells, or dynamos. Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through semiconductors,insulators, or even through a vacuum as inelectron or ion beams. The electric current flows in a constant direction, distinguishing it fromalternating current (AC).





A
series circuit is a circuit in which resistors are arranged in a chain, so the current has only one path to take. The current is the same through each resistor.


A
parallel circuit is a closed circuit in which the current divides into two or more paths before recombining to complete the circuit. Each load connected in a separate path receives the full circuit voltage, and the total circuit current is equal to the sum of the individual branch currents.


Jump to: navigation, search. Common circuit diagram
symbols (US symbols) An electronic symbol is a pictogram used to represent various electrical and electronic devices (such as wires, batteries, resistors, and transistors) in a schematic diagram of anelectrical or electronic circuit.



Solar energy
is radiant light and heat from theSun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating,photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.


Wind energy
is a form of solar energy. Wind energy(or wind power) describes the process by which windis used to generate electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. ... Mechanical power can also be utilized directly for specific tasks such as pumping water.


Interior of the Lyme Regis
watermill, UK (14th century) A watermill or water mill is a mill that uses moving water as its power source. It is thus a structure that uses a water wheel or water turbine to drive a mechanical process such as milling (grinding), rolling, or hammering.


Everything around you is made up of tiny objects called atoms. Most of the mass of each atom is concentrated in the center (which is called the nucleus), and the rest of the mass is in the cloud of electrons surrounding the nucleus. Protons and neutrons are subatomic particles that comprise the nucleus.


Flowing water creates
energy that can be captured and turned into electricity. This is called hydroelectric power orhydropower. ... The generators then spin the turbines backward, which causes the turbines to pump water from a river or lower reservoir to an upper reservoir, where the power is stored.



House top view with electrical symbols




Ohms Law and Power Law



Resisitance Voltage Current

R= E/I E=I*R I=E/R

Series and Parallel Circuit

In series circuit:


ET=E1+E2+…

IT=I1=I2=…

E1=ITxR1

E2=ITxR2

En=ITxRn


Where:

En=last E in the circuit

Rn= last R in the circuit

In parallel circuit:

ET=E1=E2=…

IT=I1+I2+…

I1=ET/R1

I2=ET/R2

In=ET=/Rn



Example 1


Find the current I in the given circuit diagram


Solution Given:


E=12volts

R=1 k ohms or 1000 ohms


Required: Current I


I=E/R

I= 12/1000

I=0.012 amps


Example 2:



A 30-ohm resistance iis connected in parallel with a resistor R whose ohmic value is known. If the total current IT is 5.7 ampere when the circuit EMF is 114 volts, calculate the resistance of the unknown.


Solution Given: Required:


ET=114 volts R2=?

R1=30 ohms

It=5.7 amperes

I1=Et/R1 R2=Vt/I2

I1=114/30=3.8 amp R2­=144/1.9


since;It=I1+I2 R2=60 ohms

I2=It-I1

I2=5.7 – 3.8 = 1.9 amp



Example 3


Find the resistance R in the given circuit diagram


Solution:


Given: Required:


Et=24 volts R2=?

I=1.5 amperes

R1=3.4 ohms

R3=6.2 ohms

E=I x R R2=E2/I

E1=I x R R2=9.6/1.5

E1=1.5 x 3.4 = 5.1 volts R2=6.4 ohms


Since;Et-E1+E3

E2=ET-E1-E3

E2=23-5.1-9.3=9.6 volts



Breadboard

A breadboard is a construction base for prototypingof electronics. Originally it was literally a bread board, a polished piece of wood used for slicing bread. In the 1970s the solderless breadboard(AKA plugboard, a terminal array board) became available and nowadays the term "breadboard" is commonly used to refer to these. "Breadboard" is also a synonym for "prototype".

Because the solderless breadboard does not requiresoldering, it is reusable. This makes it easy to use for creating temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit design. For this reason, solderless breadboards are also extremely popular with students and in technological education. Older breadboard types did not have this property. Astripboard (Veroboard) and similar prototypingprinted circuit boards, which are used to build semi-permanent soldered prototypes or one-offs, cannot easily be reused. A variety of electronic systems may be prototyped by using breadboards, from small analog and digital circuits to complete central processing units (CPUs).

"My video in binart and dynamo"



Intro to binary ---------------------------------->



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cb2ZubPRCko



binary to decimal ------------------------------->



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zp1z3pBqxPg



decimal to binary------------------------------->



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XlYdEneZyZ4



binary to octal and octal to binary -------->



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OxrQ7qKy5g



decimal to octal --------------------------------->



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zsk5aNOw5AU



binary to hexa and hexa to binary----------->



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=napWUe3LqEo



decimal to hexa and hexa to decimal ------->



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wdtlp-NvwAU



binary to addition ------------------------------>



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rr_6tkYjFbM


Dynamo car -------------------------------------->


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=70VtkqUDYXs


dynamo boat ------------------------------------>


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dBtdmquxGJU


dynamo fan ------------------------------------->


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LH5m2BXIRIo


flashlight -------------------------------------->


Click here to edit title.

I’m Rei Xine San Juan

The owner of this project to fulfill my duty as student of datamex institute of computer technology.

This Activity paper is useful to me cause its reminiscing my lesson to me that I learn so much than I think and all of the topics in my C.S.O subject is in here,